What Are the 3 Types of Access Control?

Types of Access Control
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The three types of access control are Discretionary Access Control (DAC), Mandatory Access Control (MAC), and Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) — the three core models businesses use to decide who can enter a building or access a network. DAC lets individual owners or managers grant access at their own discretion; MAC gives that authority exclusively to system administrators for maximum, non-negotiable security; and RBAC assigns access based on job role, making it the most practical fit for most small and mid-sized businesses. Choosing the right one depends on how much control you want to give employees versus centralize with IT.

The stakes are real: a cyber burglary happens every 26 seconds across the US — around 3,300 cases per day and over 1 million annually. If you’re the owner of a building or the manager of a business, securing your facility against these attacks starts with the access control model you choose. Below, we break down all three types, their pros and cons, and how to pick the right one for your business.

What Is Access Control?

Access control is a system that controls who enters a location at a given time.

At its core, access control might be the simplest, yet most important aspect of business IT services and security your company can control.

The person trying to access your world might be an employee or a contractor that only is supposed to work during certain business hours. They also may be an unauthorized visitor that your facility wants to keep out for security reasons.

Employing robust penetration testing services is one way to prevent attacks before they happen.

Access control also isn’t limited to a single type of location. Any company of any size – especially those with 20-500 employees – needs an access control system in place. The facility may be a store, an office building, a development headquarters, or even a warehouse.

Those who discuss physical access control systems generally are talking about an electronic system that exists in lieu of traditional keys. Authorized users swipe an access card to gain entrance into certain areas of the building. This lets you regulate who has access to what areas in addition to who has access to the building.

Access control systems also log who has passed through the system. It saves and takes note of who has swiped their card, chip, key fob, or smartphone application to get into the space. That way, owners and managers know exactly who to talk to if there is a data breach or physical theft.

How Are Physical Security and IT Security in Los Angeles Related?

For businesses, IP access control is the preferred method of building security. This is only slightly different from a traditional access panel that you would use to get into a hotel room. It’s more complex because the access panel has a small computer within it that determines whether or not the user gets access.

Access control is completely network-based. When you swipe your access card, it connects to the network of your facility. The network assesses the data within the key fob and determines whether to allow or deny access based on data storage.

The network compares the information from the user’s swipe to the information on the network. If the data matches up, the system allows access. It’s essentially the physical form of a network authentication system- if there is a virtual lock, the virtual key must match up to authorize the user.

Therefore, access control isn’t just a physical system that allows people into a venue.

It’s also a network installation and security measure.

Network Disaster Prevention With Access Control

Additionally, physical security has more roles to play in IT security which should include an IP video surveillance platform.

Hackers are more likely to steal information from a network within their physical building. Keeping these cyber criminals out of your physical facility makes it more difficult for them to compromise your virtual network.

Keeping unauthorized users out by using a privileged access management strategy also prevents hardware theft. When burglars get access to the physical hardware from the workplace, they can steal all of the passwords and sensitive data on the hard drives. This leads to immediate data theft as well as the potential for future breaches.

Thieves may also move the information on poorly secured computers onto a USB drive.

You might not know that your data has been compromised until it already is too late to stop the disastrous consequences. It’s impossible for people to do this without access to your facility, so IP access control is essential here.

What Is Discretionary Access Control (DAC)?

There are three core types of IP access control: discretionary, managed, and role-based.

Discretionary access control is extremely flexible and nonrestrictive compared to its alternatives.

This is because access rights are specified by users. The owner of a company can decide who has access to the office space. A manager can decide who has access to specific meeting rooms or areas of the facility (assuming that the owner allowed this).

Individual end-users therefore have complete control over the buildings they own and their objects within them. They also have control over the software programs and data associated with these objects (data stored on hard drives, etc).

Pros and Cons

There are several benefits to this:

  • Flexible and scalable (owners can always change and limit access for some users while allowing more for others)
  • Gives the owner full control
  • Easy to configure to your facility’s specific needs
  • Generally less expensive than more rigid IP access systems

There are also some downsides:

  • High effort on the user end
  • Easy to overlook certain actions
  • Requires more manual updates and changes from the end-user
  • May leave the network open to malware when mismanaged

Ultimately, DAC systems are ideal for those who want control and are vigilant about managing both physical and digital systems. If you are the type of person who accidentally might overlook specific facets of your access control system, this isn’t right for you.

Managed/Mandatory Access Control (MAC)

Managed access control is the complete opposite of DAC. Also called mandatory access control, it allows the end-user zero control over their access to a facility. Only the system administrators have the power to permit or deny access.

On the user end, this means that owners cannot change permissions for those that have access to their buildings. They cannot restrict access without professional assistance and they cannot grant it to new people without authorization. They also cannot determine specific areas to allow certain people access to.

This is a very strict system that is generally used for governmental facilities and military bases.

Pros and Cons

There are some great advantages to this system:

  • A hierarchal approach that classifies information from most to least sensitive to avoid confusion
  • Users only gain access to tiers of data that match their authorization tier
  • More secure than other access control system types
  • Cannot be compromised due to negligence on the user end

There are also many disadvantages:

  • Absolutely no control over who gets access and who doesn’t on an individual level
  • No flexibility (changing access controls is extremely difficult)
  • Requires a lot of planning for implementation
  • Needs a consistently high level of system management

Ultimately, MAC is only right for high-level institutions that need the highest level of security. If you run a small business and want to use access control in an office setting, this isn’t right for you. It’s over the top and doesn’t allow you the flexibility you need to change employees’ access to spaces.

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

Role-based access control is the most sought-after solution on the market today. This makes sense when you consider that RBAC combines the best traits that DAC and MAC have to offer.

In RBAC systems, the owner or system administrator assigns access based on the key holder’s role in the organizations. Everyone has roles and privileges that they are assigned based on their position. Their position also dictates the limitations that will be imposed on them.

Access privileges are therefore based on job titles and employment status.

Managers will have full building access while specific teams will only have access to necessary spaces for their positions. People are compartmentalized to tiers rather than being granted access on a case-by-case basis, though administrators can create a one-person group with unique privileges.

This sets it apart from DAC models where owners must control and monitor each person individually. However, it also is different from MAC positions in that it’s a user-friendly model. Owners and on-site administrators can change the access capabilities of certain groups based on their current needs.

Pros and Cons

An RBAC system has significantly more benefits than other systems:

  • Clear hierarchal structure for security so everyone knows where they stand
  • Separation of duties so that no one has complete control over a task
  • Everyone has at least some control over access capabilities
  • Owners can choose who to grant access to locations and when to do so
  • Improves compliance with company rules and state/local data regulations
  • Easy to review and monitor for owners and system administrators
  • Adjustable so that IT organizations can alter permissions whenever they wish to

It has a couple of disadvantages, though they’re few and far between:

  • May not comply with regulations for high-level government buildings or military bases
  • Must create a single-person group for anyone who requires unique capabilities, which can be frustrating

RBAC is the right choice for most SMBs. Grouping your 20-500 employees into smaller units and allowing access based on these units is easy, effective, and flexible.

The Benefits of IP Access Control Systems

For businesses in the Southern California area, if you choose an experienced and reputable managed service provider in Los Angeles, the correct type of access control system will greatly enhance your security.

The first reason for this is that employees can lose traditional keys, leaving them to be picked up by unauthorized individuals. Key fobs can be shut off when they are lost, which means that the finder will never have access.

It’s also impossible to log when people enter into a space with a metal key. IP access control systems leave a network audit trail to show when the user entered a location. This gives owners all necessary information and holds people accountable for their behavior.

Easy Permissions and Restrictions

An access control system doesn’t just control who has access to a space- it can micromanage that access on a smaller scale. You can stop certain individuals from using specific doors, restricting their ability to get into storage spaces. You can prevent unauthorized people from opening cash register drawers or safes to ensure that you know who is handling your money.

Additionally, you can determine what times people have access to your building. People can use traditional keys at all times of the day or night, but you can switch network fobs off during off-hours. This prevents people from coming in after hours and potentially causing network security problems.

You can also customize who has access to the building at a given time. Some lower-level employees may only be able to enter during standard shift time. However, upper-level employees and senior staff can still be given the ability to enter the site at any time.

Industry-Specific Benefits

Access control systems also have benefits unique to specific industries. For example, access control makes healthcare facilities HIPAA compliant by safeguarding both network information and physical files. Laboratories, like these healthcare facilities, can benefit from keeping dangerous chemicals and scientific machinery safe.

Educational institutions such as college campuses have multi-location security needs. Certain people need access to certain buildings. Professors shouldn’t be able to get into student dorms, but students also shouldn’t be going into offices and classrooms after hours.

Access control systems mean that you can restrict certain people from going onto certain parts of campus regularly. They can also stop everyone but maintenance professionals from going into computer labs and similar rooms after-hours. This protects computing systems and prevents theft.

These are but a few examples of enterprise-specific benefits. Do your research and learn the ways that access control can benefit your industry.

Secure Your Business Today

While there are multiple means of preventing people from wrongly entering your business, nothing competes with IP access control. It’s more secure than regular systems, but it also leaves a network trail of who entered and when. Plus, there are multiple types that you can choose from, so your system will always be tailored to your specific needs.

Be Structured Technology Group is committed to helping you secure both your physical facility and your sensitive data. That’s why we’re excited to assess your business’s individual security needs and come up with a strategy to keep it safe.

Contact us with any remaining questions that you have and to start installing an industrial-level access control system onto your network.

Frequently Asked Questions About the 3 Types of Access Control

What's the difference between DAC, MAC, and RBAC access control?

Discretionary Access Control (DAC) lets individual owners or managers decide who gets access — it's flexible but relies on manual oversight. Mandatory Access Control (MAC) puts all access decisions in the hands of system administrators, with no end-user control — it's the most locked-down option and is standard for government and military facilities. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) sits between the two: access is assigned by job role rather than by individual, so a manager can update permissions for an entire team at once without micromanaging each person. Most small and mid-sized businesses land on RBAC because it balances security with day-to-day flexibility.

Which type of access control is best for a small or mid-sized business?

For most businesses with 20–500 employees, role-based access control (RBAC) is the best fit. It groups employees by job function, so IT can grant or revoke access to a whole department in one step instead of managing permissions person by person. It also creates a clean audit trail — every access event is tied to a role and a person, not a shared key that could belong to anyone. DAC works for very small teams where one owner wants full manual control, and MAC is generally overkill outside of government, defense, or similarly high-security environments.

Can a business combine more than one type of access control system?

Yes, and many businesses do. A common hybrid approach uses RBAC as the default framework for most employees and areas, with MAC-style restrictions layered on top for the highest-sensitivity zones — a server room, a finance office, or a location that stores client data or controlled substances. This gives most of the organization the flexibility of role-based access while keeping the most sensitive areas locked down to specific, individually-authorized people. An experienced IT support provider can design this layered approach as part of a broader network security setup rather than treating access control as an all-or-nothing decision.

How much does an IP access control system cost to install?

Costs vary by building size, door count, and whether you're retrofitting existing hardware or wiring a new space, but businesses typically budget somewhere in the range of a few hundred dollars per door for key card or fob readers, plus the cost of the network backend and any ongoing monitoring or software licensing. Facilities with more doors, biometric readers, or integration with video surveillance will land at the higher end of that range. Because pricing depends heavily on the specific building, most IT providers — including Be Structured — quote access control projects after a walkthrough rather than off a flat rate card.

They're related but not identical. The principle of least privilege is a security philosophy: give each person the minimum access they need to do their job, nothing more. RBAC is one of the main tools used to put that philosophy into practice — by defining roles narrowly and assigning only the access each role actually requires, RBAC operationalizes least privilege at scale. A poorly designed RBAC system (with roles that are too broad) can still violate least privilege, so the two concepts should be applied together rather than treated as interchangeable.

Do access control systems help with HIPAA or other compliance requirements?

Yes. HIPAA, PCI DSS, and similar regulatory frameworks generally require businesses to restrict access to sensitive data and systems to only the people who need it, and to be able to show an audit trail of who accessed what and when. A properly configured access control system — particularly RBAC or MAC — satisfies both requirements directly: it enforces need-to-know access by role, and it logs every entry electronically instead of relying on physical keys that can't be tracked. For healthcare, financial services, and legal clients specifically, access control is typically one of the first items reviewed in a compliance audit.

How long does it take to install an access control system in an office?

For a typical single-floor office with 5–15 doors, installation usually takes one to two business days once hardware is on-site, assuming the network infrastructure is already in place. Larger or multi-floor buildings, or buildings that need new network cabling run to support the readers, can take one to two weeks. Most providers schedule the work outside business hours or in phases so the office doesn't lose access to the building mid-installation. A site survey beforehand is what determines the real timeline — building age, existing wiring, and door count all affect the schedule more than the software configuration does.

What happens if an employee loses their key fob or access card?

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About Chad Lauterbach

Founder & CTO at Be Structured Technology Group, Inc., a Los Angeles-based provider of Managed IT Services for small businesses. I desire to help small businesses better utilize technology by assisting in high-level planning to make sure that new systems will benefit them both operationally and financially. I am careful to implement and support systems using industry best practices.